explain Neo-Darwinism:
It is an update to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection that incorporates more modern scientific understandings, especially around genetics.
The central idea is that evolution occurs through the differential survival and reproduction of individuals based on their genetic makeup.
It emphasizes that evolution acts on genes and genotypes, not whole organisms or species.
Genes that confer advantages for survival and reproduction in a particular environment will spread through populations.
Evolution is not teleological - it does not have goals of “progress” or improving welfare. It is driven by the “selfish” propagation of genes.
Natural selection acting on genetic variation leads to adaptation of populations over generations.
Random genetic mutations and recombinations provide the source of heritable variation.
Gradual accumulation of genetic changes can lead to the emergence of new species over time.
It integrates Darwin’s ideas with modern genetics, population genetics, and molecular biology.
So in essence, Neo-Darwinism refines and updates Darwin’s theory by putting genetics at the center and recognizing evolution as a gene-focused process, not goal-oriented progress.